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package UNIVERSAL;
our $VERSION = '1.15';
# UNIVERSAL should not contain any extra subs/methods beyond those
# that it exists to define. The existence of import() below is a historical
# accident that can't be fixed without breaking code.
# Make sure that even though the import method is called, it doesn't do
# anything unless called on UNIVERSAL.
sub import {
return unless $_[0] eq __PACKAGE__;
return unless @_ > 1;
require Carp;
Carp::croak("UNIVERSAL does not export anything");
}
1;
__END__
=head1 NAME
UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
=head1 SYNOPSIS
my $obj_is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
my $cls_is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
my $obj_does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
my $cls_does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");
my $obj_sub = $obj->can("print");
my $cls_sub = Class->can("print");
my $eval_sub = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
my $ver = $obj->VERSION;
# but never do this!
my $is_io = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
my $sub = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");
=head1 DESCRIPTION
C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
See L<perlobj>.
C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:
=over 4
=item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>
=item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>
=item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>
Where
=over 4
=item C<TYPE>
is a package name
=item C<$obj>
is a blessed reference or a package name
=item C<CLASS>
is a package name
=item C<VAL>
is any of the above or an unblessed reference
=back
When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.
When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
inherits from package C<TYPE>.
If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined or an unblessed
reference. The L<C<isa> operator|perlop/"Class Instance Operator"> is an
alternative that simply returns false in this case, so the C<eval> is not
needed.
If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> as a method, not a class,
check the invocand with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:
use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") ) {
...
}
=item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>
=item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>
C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>. A role is a
named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
itself. For example, logging or serialization may be roles.
C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
invocand performs the operations, merely that it does. (C<isa> of course
mandates an inheritance relationship. Other relationships include aggregation,
delegation, and mocking.)
By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
role of all classes in their inheritance. In other words, by default C<DOES>
responds identically to C<isa>.
There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
existence of a role of the same name. There is also a relationship between
inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
implicitly performs any roles its parent performs. Thus you can use C<DOES> in
place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
appropriately).
=item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>
=item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>
=item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>
C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
then it returns a reference to the sub. If it does not, then it returns
I<undef>. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
C<VAL>.
C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overridden C<can> appropriately), so a
return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
calling the coderef will cause an error.
You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.
Again, the same rule about having a valid invocand applies -- use an C<eval>
block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.
=item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>
C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>, or if either C<$VERSION> or C<REQUIRE>
is not a "lax" version number (as defined by the L<version> module).
The return from C<VERSION> will actually be the stringified version object
using the package C<$VERSION> scalar, which is guaranteed to be equivalent
but may not be precisely the contents of the C<$VERSION> scalar. If you want
the actual contents of C<$VERSION>, use C<$CLASS::VERSION> instead.
C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
method.
=back
=head1 WARNINGS
B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
available to your program (and you should not do so).
=head1 EXPORTS
None.
Previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
a function to determine the type of a reference:
$yes = UNIVERSAL::isa($h, "HASH");
$yes = UNIVERSAL::isa("Foo", "Bar");
The problem is that this code would I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
any class. Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:
use Scalar::Util 'reftype';
$yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";
and the method form of C<isa> for the second:
$yes = Foo->isa("Bar");
=cut